Reading (Crit B)
Revise by reading as much as you can in English (Library books, news websites – BBC, The Guardian, The Times, Football blogs.)The more exposed you are to vocab, structures, English in general the more your English will gradually improve.
Writing (Crit C)
Part 1
Grammar
5) Irregular past participles and past tenses
Irregular Past Participles
Irregular Past Participle
Irregular Past Participles
Past tense
Past tenses
Past Tenses
Irregular Past Participles
Irregular Past Participle
Irregular Past Participles
Past tense
Past tenses
Past Tenses
Part 2
YOU NEED TO REVISE ALL 5 TEXT TYPES AND YOU WILL HAVE THE CHOICE OF THREE IN YOUR EXAM.
1) Speech - characteristics and sentence starters/linking phrases
Useful structures for your speech
Being diplomatic
While there are ….
In some ways, … / In many ways, …
I don’t think there’s necessarily a right or wrong answer here.
But does that really mean that …
This doesn’t necessarily mean that…
Time connectives
Throughout history, …
Although nowadays it is true that …
Now, it is more important than ever to ...
Over the course of the last/past (number) years
Yet on the other hand, there may be …
Currently, English in riding the crest of globalisation ...
Structures
In this speech, I will endeavour to ...
… is not only/just …, but also …
As well as being ____, it’s also fairly ….
I think it’s a bit dramatic to say …, especially when …
Yes, it’s true that…but by no means does this mean …
At any rate/anyway, it is clear to see that …
There is no end of …
Generally speaking, I think it is true to say ...
Thus, ...
Reported Speech Structures
Many people may claim that learning English paves the way to getting a better job in the future …, but others argue that …
Society is often accused of …
Some people believe that learning more languages stands you in good stead for …
We’re always told that …
We should ask whether …
We can’t always blame … on/for …
… encourage(s) people to …
2) Brochure/Pamphlet/Leaflet/Flyer/Advertisement – characteristics and sentence starters/linking phrases
What all of these formats have in common is that they are concerned to give information quickly and concisely. The task may define an emphasis on informing (e.g the health leaflet) or on promoting (e.g. the publicity brochure).
Basic Format
- Main heading (informing), or eye-catching slogan (promoting)
- Use of manageable multiple sections : identified by bullet points, lines, stars, numbers in order to highlight key information
- Subheadings : used to show the steps/stages of the argument
- Succinct explanation : individual concepts / ideas are presented clearly and quickly
- Background information : e.g. 'Contact us' + phone number / email
Approach
- 'address' - you must directly address the target audience
- ´promotional language' – usually, these text types are all encouraging, they encourage the target audience to agree with what is being presented, to 'buy the idea‘ – use STYLE and RHETORICAL DEVICES to achieve this effect
- Clear step-by-step overall argument : individual points are linked together into a convincing sequence of ideas
Use rhetorical devices
-List of three
-Rhetorical questions
-Lots of personal pronouns
-Metaphor/personification
-Some facts to strengthen argument
Organising an event
•Join use in our celebration of …
•Come and join in …
•(Place) will come alive with our event …
•Everyone can take part/participate in …
•The council in partnership with the citizens will put on an event.
•You must join forces with us …
•This issue is glaringly important because
•How to get involved? Well, just contact us on …
•Stand up for your rights with us …
•How to learn more about …
•We won´t back down.
•Have you ever thought about ….?
•Get in touch with us by …
•Come along and …
•Get informed .. Keep reading
•Go to our website for more information
Advertising
•___ is a revolutionary new product on the market
•____ offers a new model/ way of thinking about …
•Move over …., make way for ..
•This products offers, promotes, represents, fosters/ enhances …
•______ offeres the unique opportunity to …
•Not only will this product do … but it will also …
3) Review - characteristics and sentence starters/linking phrases
Format:
Review Vocab
Format:
*a consistent register (informal, semi-formal or formal)
*a title
*lively, direct style aimed to interest and entertain the readers
* may have sub-headings.
4) Blog - characteristics and sentence starters/linking phrases
- Focus on personal experience and comment - focus on opinions
Basic Format
-Heading : Blog - title (perhaps quirky, witty – like an article title);
-Conclusion : Blog - request for comment / responses from the readers ;
-Clear and logical paragraphing to help structure
Approach
> address : blogs set out to have regular readers, so are likely to have touches of direct address ("As you regular readers know ...")
> register : informality with sophistication - personal, some informality can be expected in register and rhetoric, but higher marks for those who combine colloquialism with dashes of complex phrasing and effects.
> organisation
-A blog is a 'public statement‘ so ideas need to be organised to show some evident + consistent purpose
NB – depending on the task, a blog entry may be similar to an article and include a mixture of description, fact, narrative voice, direct speech, emotive language, rhetorical questions.
BLOG EXPRESSIONS
•So, nowadays we tend to believe …
•So, the usual approach to this is … but why don´t we look at it from a ____ perspective.
•Yet, shouldn´t we approach this from a different perspective
•Anyway, why do we …
•Somebody has to be able to …
•So folks/guys/readers, have you ever thought about …?
•Imagine …
•You see, some people seem to think that …
•As far as I can see, we need to/must/ought to …
•And here´s the deal , …
•Here´s the thing …
•As you regular readers know …
•As we saw in yesterday´s post …
5) Formal letter - characteristics and sentence starters/linking phrases
Ø Dear Sir / Madam
Ø Dear Mr/Mrs & the name of the person you’re writing to
Ø Thank you for …
Ø I am writing in order to / with reference to / about … which …
Ø As far as ________ is concerned …
Ø With regards to the …,
Ø Regarding the …
Ø In your letter/ the advert you mentioned (that/the) …
Ø Would it be possible to …
Ø I was hoping that I could …
Ø I would be grateful if you could …
Ø I would appreciate your help/advice
Ø Linking words: In addition to this, Additionally, Furthermore, Despite the fact that, However, Firstly, Secondly, In conclusion, Finally
Ø I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience,
Ø I hope you will consider my application and I look forward to hearing from you in the near future,
Ø Thank you for taking the time to consider (my application/my suggestions),
Ø Yours faithfully, (for Dear Sir/Madam)
Ø Yours sincerely, (if you know the name)
(your name)
Letters objecting to someone's plans
Ø I am writing to express my concern /disappointment / alarm at hearing ...
Ø I was extremely alarmed/sorry/distressed to hear about your plans to ...
Ø As I think you know, …
Ø May I point out that …
Ø I feel I really must object to ...
Ø I am extremely concerned at the thought that ...
Ø It must be very clear that ...
Ø If these proposals go ahead, ... will happen.
Ø Another threat to ... , if these proposals go ahead, would come from ...
Ø I dread to imagine what damage this will cause.
Ø May I respectfully suggest that you ...
Ø I was wondering if you had considered this alternative?
Ø Would it not be possible to ... ?
Letters of complaint
Ø I am writing to complain about ...
Ø I am writing to tell you how disappointed/annoyed I feel about ...
Ø I was amazed/distressed/horrified to find that ...
Ø As you must realise, ...
Ø I am sure you know that ...
Ø I am sure you can imagine ...
Ø I am sure you will appreciate that ...
Ø It goes without saying that ...
Ø At the very least, I look forward to receiving ...
Ø Unless you ... , I am afraid that I will have to take this matter further.
Letters of recommendation
Ø I am writing to you on behalf of ...
Ø I have known X for ... years.
Ø She / He has shown herself/himself to be extremely ...
Ø X would seem to fit the requirements of this job perfectly.
Ø I have no hesitation in recommending X as a ...
Letters to the editor
Ø I am writing about the article on ... , which appeared (in last night's paper).
Ø I am writing with reference to the article you published (in last month's issue).
Ø I have just read your article on ... and I feel I must ...
Ø You raised some issues which I feel strongly about.
Ø At the start of your article, you appear to claim that ...
Ø I am afraid I totally disagree.
Ø I am completely in agreement.
Ø I am sure readers will agree with me when I say that ...
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